KS1 and SATs explained

Key Stage 1 (KS1) is the first stage of primary education in England. It usually covers Year 1 and Year 2 (ages 5 to 7). During KS1, children build the foundations of reading, writing and maths through everyday classroom learning.

Assessment in KS1 is primarily about supporting learning: understanding what a child can do confidently and where they may need more practice.

KS1 SATs (often called “KS1 tests”) referred to national curriculum tests in English reading and mathematics taken near the end of Year 2. They were designed to provide a snapshot of a child’s attainment at the end of KS1.

These tests were never about “passing” or “failing”. They were used alongside teacher judgement to understand progress and guide support.

From the academic year 2023 to 2024 onwards in England, end of KS1 assessment changed to a more flexible, optional approach. In summary:

• KS1 national curriculum tests in English reading and mathematics became optional (schools may choose to use them, but they are no longer mandatory).
• There is no statutory requirement for schools to carry out end of KS1 teacher assessment.
• KS1 materials remain available for schools that choose to continue using them to support classroom practice and internal moderation.

Some assessments in primary school remain statutory. In KS1, the Year 1 phonics screening check remains statutory in England.

Schools also continue to assess children through everyday teaching and learning. Many schools will still use a mix of short quizzes, reading checks, teacher observations and internal tests to help children build confidence.